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Depression - one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders - is being diagnosed in increasing numbers in various segments of the population worldwide.〔(College Students Exhibiting More Severe Mental Illness, Study Finds )〕 Depression in the United States alone affects 17.6 million Americans each year or 1 in 6 people. Depressed patients are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and suicide. Within the next twenty years depression is expected to become the second leading cause of disability worldwide and the leading cause in high-income nations, including the United States. In approximately 75% of completed suicides the individuals had seen a physician within the prior year before their death, 45%-66% within the prior month. Approximately 33% - 41% of those who completed suicide had contact with mental health services in the prior year, 20% within the prior month.〔(Depression and Suicide Andrew B. Medscape )〕 There are many psychiatric and medical conditions that may mimic some or all of the symptoms of depression, or may occur comorbid to it.〔Adults Admitted to a Mood-Disorder Clinic Are Often Misdiagnosed by Marlene Busko ()〕 A disorder either psychiatric or medical that shares symptoms and characteristics of another disorder, and may be the true cause of the presenting symptoms is known as a differential diagnosis.〔Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Inc. *(differential diagnosis definition ): the distinguishing of a disease or condition from others presenting similar symptoms〕 Many psychiatric disorders such as depression are diagnosed by allied health professionals with little or no medical training,〔Preventing Misdiagnosis of Women: A Guide to Physical Disorders That Have Psychiatric Symptoms (Women's Mental Health and Development) by Dr. Elizabeth Adele Klonoff and Dr. Hope Landrine p. xxi Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc; 1 edition (1997) Language: English ISBN 0761900470〕 and are made on the basis of presenting symptoms without proper consideration of the underlying cause, adequate screening of differential diagnoses is often not conducted.〔Clinical errors and medical negligence Femi Oyebode; Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2006) 12: 221-227 () The Royal College of Psychiatrists〕 According to one study "non-medical mental health care providers may be at increased risk of not recognizing masked medical illnesses in their patients." Misdiagnosis or missed diagnoses may lead to lack of treatment or ineffective and potentially harmful treatment which may worsen the underlying causative disorder. A conservative estimate is that 10% of all psychological symptoms may be due to medical reasons,〔When Psychological Problems Mask Medical Disorders: A Guide for Psychotherapists. Morrison J: New York, Guilford, 1997 ISBN 1-57230-539-8〕 with the results of one study suggesting that about 50% of individuals with a serious mental illness "have general medical conditions that are largely undiagnosed and untreated and may cause or exacerbate psychiatric symptoms."〔Previously undetected metabolic syndromes and infectious diseases among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Services Rothbard AB,''et al'': 60:534–537,2009 ()〕 In a case of misdiagnosed depression recounted in ''Newsweek'', a writer received treatment for depression for years; during the last 10 years of her depression the symptoms worsened, resulting in multiple suicide attempts and psychiatric hospitalizations. When an MRI finally was performed it showed the presence of a tumor. She was however told by a neurologist that it was benign. After a worsening of symptoms, upon the second opinion of another neurologist, the tumor was removed. After the surgery she no longer suffered from "depression".〔(Is It Depression--or a Tumor? - Newsweek Nov 21, 2007 )〕 ==Autoimmune disorders== *Celiac disease; is an autoimmune disorder in which the body is unable to digest gluten which is found in various food grains, most notably wheat, and also rye and barley. Current research has shown its neuropsychiatric symptoms may manifest without the gastrointestinal symptoms. :"However, more recent studies have emphasized that a wider spectrum of neurologic syndromes may be the presenting extraintestinal manifestation of gluten sensitivity with or without intestinal pathology." *Lupus: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease that can affect any part of the body.〔James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.〕 Lupus can cause or worsen depression.〔Lupus Disease Activity May Cause, Worsen Depression — Psychiatric Newsby J Arehart-Trechel - 2006 ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Depression (differential diagnoses)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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